Urudodo rwerekana imiterere: NPSM, NPPSF, NPPS, na BSPT yabisobanuye

Ufite ibibazo udasobanukiwe NPSM, NPTF, NPT, na BSPT? Iyi ngingo izakuyobora binyuze muburyo burambuye kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko, kandi ikwigishe uburyo bwo kubishyiraho hamwe nibitekerezo byingenzi.

Isesengura rirambuye ryubwoko bwugari

Npt (umuyoboro wigihugu) insanganyamatsiko

Ibisobanuro, ibiranga, no gushushanya ibyingenzi

Npt igereranya umuyoboro wigihugu . Nubwoko bwimboga ya kashe  yakoreshejwe kugirango yinjire mumiyoboro. Dore ibyo ukeneye kumenya:

L yavumbuye insanganyamatsiko : npt insanganyamatsiko taper ku gipimo cya 1/16 santimetero kuri buri santimetero imwe, bivuze ko bagabana ku iherezo.

l Amasododo : Bakurikira Ansi / ASME B1.20.1  bisanzwe.

l angle angle : insanganyamatsiko zifite imyaka 60 ° flank.

l​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​.

Gusaba muri sisitemu yo gushinga imiyoboro ninganda

NPT insanganyamatsiko ziri hose muri sisitemu yigitutu . Bakoreshwa kugirango barebe kashe yubusa  muri:

l fluid na gaze : imiyoboro itwara amazi, amavuta, cyangwa gaze.

Sisitemu yo guhagarika umutima : Ibikoresho bipima umuvuduko.

Inganda zikoresha insangano za NPT zirimo:

gukora​

automotive​

l aerospace

Inama zo kwishyiriraho, imikorere myiza, hamwe nuburyo busanzwe

Mugihe ushyiraho urudodo rwa NPT, kurikira iyi myitozo myiza:

1. Koresha ikarita ya PTFE : Gupfunyika PTFE kaseti  (Teflon) hafi yumutwe wumugabo kugirango atezimbere kashe.

2. Ntugakomane cyane : Kurenza-gukomera birashobora gutera gutora , aho imirongo yangiritse.

3. Reba kumeneka : Buri gihe ugerageza guhuza.

Ikoreshwa risanzwe ririmo:

l Guhuza imiyoboro : nko mumazi yawe.

l fittings : nkinkokora cyangwa tees zifasha guhindura icyerekezo cyurugendo.

Ibyiza, Imipaka, hamwe no gutandukana na NPTF

Ibyiza:

l Kuraho-kubuntu : bashizweho kugirango bakore ikimenyetso gifatanye.

l byemewe : NPP ni urwego rwinganda nyinshi.

Imipaka:

l ibyago byo kwiyongera : birashoboka kwangiza imitwe.

l irashobora gusaba icyapa : Rimwe na rimwe, icyapa cyinyongera gikenewe kugirango ikimenyetso kibeshaho.

Itandukaniro Kuva NppTF:

l nptf , cyangwa umuyoboro wigihugu wapfumu , uzwi kandi nkabanyamerika humye yumunyamerika urudodo , rwashizweho kugirango utange ikimenyetso kinini udakeneye kashe yinyongera.

l NPPF insanganyamatsiko  zifite igishushanyo gitandukanye kituma ihuza ryamashini  imikoreshereze ya PTFE ridafite

Wibuke, NPT ni ukurema umurongo wa posita yakandagiye  wizewe kandi ukoreshwa cyane. Waba ukora kumodoka cyangwa gukosora kumeneka murugo, uzi ibijyanye n umugozi npt uragufasha gukora amasano meza.

 

Nptf (lipe ya kaburimbo yigihugu) insanganyamatsiko

Incamake yuburinganire bwa NPTF nigishushanyo

Insanganyamatsiko ya NPTF, izwi kandi ku izina ry'Ubunyu fyuma ngabo y'Abanyamerika Urudosiye , kurikira ibipimo bya ASTI B1.20.3  . Izi nsanganyamatsiko zirasa na NPT ariko zagenewe kashe nziza. Indote ya NPPF ifite angle 60 ° flank  hanyuma ukore kashe ya mashini  binyuze mu kwivanga  hagati yintoki n'imizi. Ibi bivuze ko insanganyamatsiko zijanjagura hamwe kugirango zikore ikimenyetso gifatanye udakeneye ibitambaro byiyongera.

Itandukaniro hagati ya NPT na NPTF

Mugihe NPT na NPTF insanganyamatsiko zisa kimwe, ibishushanyo byabo biratandukanye . Imitwe ya NPT yateguwe munsi ya Ansi / ASME B1.20.1 , kandi barashobora gukenera PTFE kaseti  cyangwa ibindi bisosha kugirango urebe neza . Ku rundi ruhande, insanganyamatsiko ya NPPF, nyuma yo gukurikira ANSI B1.20.3 , bikozwe kuri mesh gukomera no gukora kashe idafite ibikoresho byinyongera. Babigeraho nigishushanyo cyemerera insanganyamatsiko hamwe  numuzi hamwe  na squash hamwe, gukora kashe yubusa.

Gusaba muri lisansi na gaze, kugera kuri kashe yubuntu

Mw'isi ya lisansi na gaze , insanganyamatsiko ya NPPF ni uguhitamo. Byashizweho kugirango bibe ikimenyetso cyubusa  kimeze nabi muri sisitemu yigitutu . Sisitemu ntishobora kugura ibishishwa, kuko niyo ntoya ishobora guteza akaga. Insanganyamatsiko ya NPTF ikoreshwa muri sisitemu yigitutu  nibice aho kubungabunga isuku nubunyangamugayo bwamazi cyangwa gaze ni ngombwa.

Gukoresha Ibiciro, Guhuza, no Guhuza na NPT

Insanganyamatsiko ya NPPF zikunze kuboneka mubisabwa aho kashe yubuntu  itemba, kandi nta karenga karafuzwa. Ariko, mugihe nptf na npt insanganyamatsiko zirashobora rimwe na rimwe kuvanga, ibi ntabwo buri gihe bifite umutekano cyangwa bifite akamaro. Urudodo rwa NPPT rurashobora guswera muri NPT fittings, ariko revers ntirushobora gusaza neza kuko NPTF yagenewe neza. Ni ngombwa kugenzura guhuza mbere yo kubavanga kugirango wirinde ibibazo nko gukurura  cyangwa akamenyetso kadakwiye.

NPSM (umuyoboro wigihugu ugororotse)

Igisobanuro, Ibiranga, hamwe nibyibanze bya NPSM

Imitwe ya NPSm ni ubwoko bwumugozi ugororotse . Bakurikiza assi / anme b1.20.1  Ibipimo. Izi nsanganyamatsiko zagenewe guhuza imashini  aho gukora kashe. Bafite inguni 60 ° flank  kandi bagenewe gukoreshwa hamwe na gasket  cyangwa o-impeta  kugirango ukore ihuza ryubusa.

Ingingo z'ingenzi  zerekeye insanganyamatsiko ya NPSM: - Birasa , bivuze diameter ihamye. - Urudodo rwa NPSm ntiruta kuri NPT  (umuyoboro wigihugu). - Bakoreshwa mugukora imashini . - Kunoza kashe  biva muri gaskets, ntabwo ari inkingi ubwabo.

Porogaramu muri sisitemu ya hydraulic nuburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha neza

Insanganyamatsiko ya NPSm zikunze kuboneka muri sisitemu ya hydraulic  aho ikimenyetso cyubusa kivanze  ni ngombwa. Bakora neza muri sisitemu yigitutu  nka sisitemu yigituba . Umuyoboro wumugore wigitsina gore  urasanzwe hamwe nudusimba twa NPSm, wemerera kwishyiriraho byoroshye mumwanya muto.

Imanza nziza  zirimo: - aho kashe ya mashini  ifite akamaro kuruta kashe. - Sisitemu isaba impungenge kandi yongeye kuri reassemy. - Iyo ukoresheje gasket  cyangwa o-impeta  ikundwa hejuru yumutwe.

Kugereranya nubundi bwoko bwugari, guhuza na NPPTF

NPSM irashobora rimwe na rimwe kwitiranywa na NPPR  (lisanda ya kaburimbo yigihugu), uzwi kandi nkabanyamerika humye yumuyoboro wabanyamerika . Dore uko bagereranya:

L NPPF  iradodo yagenewe gutanga kashe yubusa  idakenewe ibisambo byiyongera. Bashiraho interration  ikwiranye na poreto ya posita  hamwe numuzingo.

l NPSM  insanganyamatsiko zisaba gace  cyangwa o-impeta  kugirango urebe neza.

l NPSM ntabwo ihinduka hamwe na NPPT  cyangwa NPP  kubera ibipimo bitandukanye.

Gukora neza no gusaba inganda

Insanganyamatsiko ya NPSm zihabwa agaciro imikorere yabo ikoreshwa mugihe ikoreshwa hamwe na  ikwiye kashe . Byakoreshejwe cyane muri: - Porogaramu yo kwimura amazi na gaze  . - Inganda zikeneye ihuza ryizewe.

Gusaba inganda  birimo: - kuvurwa amazi no kwanduza amazi. - Sisitemu ya Pnematike. - Sisitemu yo guhuza.

BSPT (Britionard Standard Pieper)

IRIBURIRO RY'INGINGO ZIKURIKIRA

Iyo tuvuze ku giti cye , turi kwibira mwisi yumuyoboro hamwe nimikorere ingenzi mumazi na gaze . Bspt igereranya umuyoboro usanzwe wo mu Bwongereza . Nubwoko bwimboga ya kashe  yakoreshejwe mugukora kashe yubusa . Iki gipimo cyerekanwe mu nyandiko nka BS 21  na ISO 7.

Ibiranga byihariye no kugereranya na NPT na NPTF

Imitwe ya BSPT irihariye. Bafite inguni 60 ° flank  , bivuze ko bagabana uko bagiye cyane. Ibi nptbitandukanye na .

Noneho, reka tugereranye BSPT hamwe na NPTF . NPPSF, cyangwa umuyoboro wigihugu wapfumutsa , akenshi uvugwa nkuburoma bwumutse urudodo rwumuyoboro wumuyoboro wa Taper , nkuko ansi B1.20.3 , yagenewe ikimenyetso kinini kuruta NPT. Irabigeraho mugushiraho interration  ikwiranye na casike ya poreto  hamwe numuzingo . BSPT ntabwo yishingikiriza kuri ibi bikwiriye gushyirwaho. Ahubwo, birashobora gukenera icyapa  nka PTFE kaseti (Teflon)  cyangwa gasike  kugirango wirinde kumeneka.

BSPT MU Mpuzamahanga N'ISI

Imitwe ya BSPT ikoreshwa cyane hanze ya Amerika, cyane cyane mubihugu bikurikira ubuhanga bwubwongereza. Bakunze kugaragara muri sisitemu yigitutu  hamwe na sisitemu yigitutu . Ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukora kashe ya mashini  ituma bakwiriye porogaramu mpuzamahanga.

Isesengura rigereranya hamwe nubundi bwoko

Iyo turebye BSPT hamwe nizindi bwoko bwugari nka NPSM ( uhagaze  ( Bwongereza wigihugu mu  bsp ( Squaked umuyoboro Imitwe ya BSPT ikora imashini ihuza  udakeneye kashe ya hungage  cyangwa o-impeta , bitandukanye na BSPP ishobora gukenera ibi kugirango ikimenyetso gikore.

 

Imitwe ya BSPT irakomeye kubihe ukenera kashe ikomeye, itemba kandi  idafite ubundi buryo bugoye. Bari byoroshye gukoresha kuruta urudodo rwa NPTF , bisaba ko umuvuduko ukabije  wo kwirinda ibibazo nko gukurura  cyangwa kwangirika kuva hejuru.

Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki n'ibipimo

Ibipimo bisanzwe, insanganyamatsiko zibara, hamwe nibipimo ngenderwaho

Iyo tuvuganye ku nsanganyamatsiko  nka NPSM, NPPSF, NPT, na BSPT, byose bijyanye nuburyo bahurira hamwe na kashe. Ubu buryo bwuzuye  budufasha kumenya neza ibintu bihuye neza. Bitekerezeho nka Lego Block - Bakeneye guhuza neza kugirango bafatanye.

l NPSM  na NPS  bafite insanganyamatsiko igororotse, bivuze ko batazakomera uko bakubise.

l NPT , NPTR , na BSTP  irasa. Ibi bivuze ko babona ubukana, ubwoko bwuzuyeho, bufasha guhagarika kumeneka.

Ikigo gishinzwe ibipimo ngenderwaho by'igihugu cy'Abanyamerika (ANSI)  gushyiraho amategeko y'izi nsanganyamatsiko muri Amerika urugero, Ansi / ASME B1.20.1  ni ku nsanganyamatsiko ya NPT. Batubwira uburyo urudodo rugomba kuba nini, ni bangahe muri santimetero (iribabuzwemo urudodo), n'imiterere bakeneye kugira.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho, Ibipimo ngenderwaho, no kubahiriza

Ibikoresho bifite akamaro kanini. Byinshi cyane ni ibyuma, nkicyuma cyangwa umuringa, kuko bakomeye. Gukora ibi bice bikurikira amategeko akomeye kugirango bafite umutekano kandi bazamara igihe kirekire. Ibi bijyanye no kubahiriza  - nko gukurikiza resept guteka cake nziza buri gihe.

L Ambur ​ ​ ​ ​.

l Mubwongereza, bakoresha BS 21  na ISO 7  kuri BSPT  na BSPP  .

Abakora nabo bagomba kumenya neza ko insanganyamatsiko zabo zishobora gukemura igitutu zitwa ko zitemba cyangwa kumeneka. Aho niho ibyiringiro byujuje ubuziranenge  binjiye.

Gusobanukirwa Ibipimo byurudomo, kwihanganira, no kwizigira

Ibipimo byugari birimo ikibuga  (insanganyamatsiko zingana iki) hamwe ninguni  yugari. Kurugero, imitwe ya BSPT ifite inguni 60 ° iriba ari igice kituma babisobanura.

l kwihanganira  ni itandukaniro rito ryemewe mubunini nuburyo bwugari. Bameze nkicyumba cya Wiggle mubice bikwiranye hamwe.

l Ubwishingizi bwumuntu  bisobanura kugenzura buri gice kugirango umenye neza ko yujuje ibipimo. Ninkaho mwarimu amanota yo murugo kugirango umenye neza ko wabonye ibisubizo neza.

Kuri kashe yubusa , ibice nka PTFE kaseti (Teflon) , gasike , cyangwa o-impeta  zishobora gukoreshwa hamwe niyi nsanganyamatsiko. Insanganyamatsiko yaka  nka NPT  na BSPT  irashobora gufunga ubwabo kubera imiterere yabo - babona ubukana kandi bakomera.

Ifatika:

Insanganyamatsiko yagenewe ya NPT  kuba inva ikwiye , bivuze ko zikora kashe ya mashini  mugukanda hamwe.

l NPSm insanganyamatsiko  ikora hamwe numuyoboro wumugore  - ubwoko bwimbuto igufasha kubigaragaza utagotse umuyoboro wose.

L NPPF iradodo  rimwe na rimwe zitwa kwumye Umunyamerika Urudosiye Taper Umuyoboro wumuyoboro  kuko bagenewe kashe badakeneye ibintu byinyongera nka kaseti cyangwa paste.

Porogaramu zifatika no gusesengura

Porogaramu nyayo nisi hamwe ninyigisho zitandukanye zubwoko butandukanye

Ku bijyanye no guhuza urudodo  rukoreshwa muri sisitemu yigitutu , ibisobanuro birambuye. Reka turebe uko iyi nsanganyamatsiko ikoreshwa mu isi.

Imitwe npt  ikunze kuboneka mubisabwa rusange. Kurugero, uruganda rwa sisitemu yigitutu  rushobora gukoresha fittems kubera guhuza ibikoresho byinshi.

Insanganyamatsiko ya NPTF , izwi kandi nkabanyamerika yubutse y'Abanyamerika Indabyo z'umuyoboro , zagenewe kashe nziza, itembagamye idafite igifungo kidasanzwe . Bakoreshwa mubisabwa aho kashe ya mashini  ari ngombwa, nko mubikoresho bya lisansi.

Indotu ya NPSm , cyangwa umuyoboro wigihugu ugororotse , mubisanzwe ukoreshwa numuyoboro wumugore . Inyigisho y'urubanza irashobora kuba irimo sisitemu ya hydraulic aho fitm yinzira ya NPSm yemerera guterana no kubungabunga no kubungabunga.

Imitwe ya BSPT , hamwe na 60 ° Angle , birasanzwe mumabwiriza mpuzamahanga. Bakunze guhitamo imikorere yabo yo kudoda  muri sisitemu yo kohereza amazi na gaze.

Isesengura rigereranya: NPPS na NPPSF, NPSm na NPPS, BSPT idasanzwe

Reka dusenye itandukaniro:

l NPT na NPPR ifite urudodo rwa popi , ariko NPTF itanga interration  ikwiranye CORTANDA  N'UMUTAKA na , Kurandura Ibikenewe.

l NPSm na NPPS : NPSM ifite insanganyamatsiko igororotse  kandi isaba gasket cyangwa impeta kugirango ikore ihuriro ryubusa . Insanganyamatsiko ya NPT iratanga ikidodo ninkongo.

l BSPT idasanzwe : Imitwe ya BSPT irasa na NPT ariko ifite angle itandukanye  kandi ikibuga , bigatuma batahumura na NPT fithings.

Impunzi nubushishozi ninganda zunganda zinganda zerekeye urudodo

Inzobere mu nganda zerekana gukoresha PTFE kaseti (Teflon)  cyangwa kashe ya  NPT hamwe na NPT fittings kugirango hafungurwe kashe . Kuri NPTF, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko yishoramari ikwiye kugirango ikoreshe imikorere yumye  .

Mugihe ukorana na BSPT , wibuke ko badahuye na NPT cyangwa NPTF idafite adapt. Abahanga mu biganiro bagenzura amahame yingora  nka Anki / ASME B1.20  kuri NPT, ANSI B1.20.3  kuri NP 7  na Bs 21  kuri BST0 kugirango babone neza.

Gutera ubwoba , cyangwa kwangirika kwuzuye, ni akaga hamwe nibi bikoresho. Kugira ngo wirinde, ntuzigera ukomera kandi uhore ukurikira inyandiko z'umuvuduko .

Kwishyiriraho, kubungabunga, nibikorwa byiza

Imyitozo myiza yo gushiraho ubwoko butandukanye

Mugihe ushyiraho NPPSM , NPPTF , umenye , cyangwa BSPT  fittings, ni ngombwa gukurikiza umurongo ngenderwaho wihariye kugirango neza . Dore umuyobozi wihuse:

l Npt  na NPTF :

Koresha cyangwa kaseti ya PTFE  akadodo gakwiye kumurongo  wumugabo.

gukomera ku ntoki, hanyuma ukoreshe umugozi kumukino wanyuma.

Witondere kudakomera, kuko ibi bishobora kwangiza imitwe.

l bspt :

l bisa na npt, koresha pata  cyangwa icyapa.

funga witonze kugirango ugere ku kashe ya Mechanical.

l NPSM :

l Iyi nsanganyamatsiko yagenewe mugenzi wawe hamwe numuyoboro wumugore.

Koresha gabo -  cyangwa o impeta  yo gushyirwaho.

Ntugashyireho , kuko ishobora kwangiza gasike.

Inzitizi zisanzwe mu kwishyiriraho nuburyo bwo kubitsinda

l Cross-Imitwe : bibaho iyo insanganyamatsiko zidahujwe. Buri gihe utangire ukuboko kugirango wirinde.

l gutora : guhuza ibyuma-ibyuma birashobora gutuma ibi. Koresha amavuta kugirango wirinde.

l hejuru-gukomera : birashobora kuganisha ku byangiritse. Kurikiza gahunda yigituba ngendo za sisitemu yo  muri Torque ikwiye.

l​​ ​ ​ ​.

Kubungabunga, Gukemura ibibazo, no kurengera insanganyamatsiko

: Ubugenzuzi busanzwe Reba ibimenyetso byo kwambara, ruswa, cyangwa ibyangiritse.

Gusukura : Guhana imitwe. Umwanda urashobora gutera.

l ongera usuzume kashe : igihe kinini, harashobora gutesha agaciro. Kongera gusaba nkuko bikenewe.

: Ububiko bukwiye Komeza gutondekanya ibintu byumye, bisukuye.

Ibuka :

L  Npt  na NPPF ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​.

l  BSPT  urudodo rwinkododo ninsanganyamatsiko bonyine, hamwe na 60 ° FLANK ADLE  ifasha mubikorwa bya kashe.

l  NPSm ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​.

Ibibazo kuri Trat

Itandukaniro ryingenzi hagati ya NPSM, NPPTF, NPT, na BSPT

Ku bijyanye no guhuza urudodo , ni nka puzzle. Buri gice gihuye muburyo runaka. NPSM  (umuyoboro wigihugu ugororotse) insanganyamatsiko zigororotse kandi zagenewe guhuza ubusa. NPP  (umuyoboro wigihugu wapfusiwe) urandagira kandi ugakora kashe ifatanye neza uko bahagaze neza. (  isa na npt NPPR (isa na NPP BSPT  (Ubwongereza Standard Pieper) Imitwe, kurundi ruhande, ikoreshwa mugukora kashe ya sisitemu yo gukingurirwa kandi ifite angle ya 55 ° ya flank, itandukanye na 60 °

Guhuzagura, guhuza amazi yamenetse, hamwe namakosa asanzwe

Noneho, urashobora kubivanga? Ntabwo rwose. Kugumana  ntabwo ari umukino ushaka gukina nurutonde. Gukoresha NPP  na NPPF  birashobora rimwe na rimwe gukora, ariko ntabwo byemewe kuba ihuriro ritemba . Na bspt ? Ninkuru itandukanye cyane kubera ingofero yihariye hamwe na pitch. Ikosa rikunze kugaragara? Dufate ko bose bahuza hamwe. Buri gihe ugenzure ibipimo, nka Ansi / ASME B1.20.1  kuri npt, kwirinda kumeneka cyangwa kwangirika.

Kugena ubwoko bwiburyo bwikintu cyihariye

None, ni gute uhitamo uburenganzira? Tekereza ku kazi. Kumazi na gaze , kashe yubusa ni  urufunguzo. Niba ukorana na sisitemu yigitutu , BSPT  irashobora kuba inzira yo kugenda. Kubisabwa bikeneye kashe ya mashini  idafite icyapa, NPTF  ninshuti yawe. Kandi kumikorere ihuza  ishobora gutandukana byoroshye, NPSM  ishobora guhitamo neza.

Ibibazo byinyongera bikemura ibibazo bifatika

ni ikihe cyambwe? 

PTFE kaseti  (Teflon) ikoreshwa kenshi na NPT kugirango ifashe kashe.

Nakagombye kuba narabishakisha? 

Genda kubivanga neza -tight bihagije kugirango urudodo  n'imizi bikangwe  hamwe, ariko ntibikomeye kuburyo wambura imidodo.

Bite se ku mfuruka? 

Wibuke, NPT  na NPPF  bafite inguni 60 ° na bspt  ifite angle 55 °.

Nshobora gukoresha ibi bikoresho?

 Rimwe na rimwe, ariko witegereze gusiganwa -Iyo imitwe ishaje kandi ifatanye.

Byagenda bite se niba itembaga?

 Reba ibyangiritse cyangwa ugerageze kashe ya intungamubiri  cyangwa o-impeta  yo kurinda.

Wibuke, kubona neza ni nko guhitamo igikoresho gikwiye kumurimo. Byose bijyanye nibisobanuro. Komeza aya masomo, kandi uzaba munzira yo kumenya urudodo  rwo guhuza amasasu.

Umwanzuro

Iyo tuvuganye ku nsanganyamatsiko  nka NPSM , NPPSF , NPPS , na BSPT , turimo tuvuga ibice bidufasha kwinjiza imiyoboro no gusiga hamwe. Izi fitting zemeza neza ko amazi yacu, gaze, nibindi bintu bikava mumiyoboro utarya. Dore ibyo twize:

l NPT  ni ubwoko bwimboga ya kashe  yakoresheje cyane muri Amerika. Bituma neza cyane kuko insanganyamatsiko ziba ntoya kuruhande rumwe, ubwoko bwa cone.

l nptf , kandi nkabanyamerika wumuyoboro wa uzwi bwumuyoboro  Taper yububiko .

l NPSM , cyangwa umuyoboro wigihugu ugororotse , ufite imigozi igororotse . Nibyiza gukora imashini  ishobora gufatwa no gusubira hamwe byoroshye.

l bspt , ngufi kuri poroper isanzwe yubworozi , isa na npt ariko angle  itandukanye . ifite Nibisanzwe ahantu ukoresha ibipimo by'Ubwongereza.

Wibuke, kubona neza uburyo bukwiye kumenya ibipimo byawe  no guhitamo ubwoko bukwiye kuri sisitemu yigitutu.

Ibihe by'ejo hazaza mu Gihangano Byuzuye Ikoranabuhanga n'inganda

Isi yumurongo ukomeza  guhinduka. Dore ibiri kuri horizon:

l Seraling Efficecy  iragenda iba nziza. Turimo gushakisha uburyo bwo guhuza cyane cyane nta gukenera gakoti yinyongera  cyangwa o-impeta.

l Ibikoresho  biratera imbere, nabyo. Ibi bivuze ko fittings ishobora gukora igitutu kinini ikamara igihe kirekire.

Abahanga ba L batanga buri gihe ibyifuzo byinganda , nko gukoresha angi / anme b1.20  kuri npt cyangwa iso 7  kuri bspt, kugirango barebe ko ibintu byose bihuye neza.