Hi nkarhi wa ku lavisisa ka mina ka switirhisiwa swa tiindasitiri na ti-adapter, ndzi hlangane na nchumu wo tsakisa swinene: SAE na NPT threads. Ehleketa hi tona tanihi tinyeleti ta le ndzhaku ka swifaniso eka michini ya hina. Swi nga ha vonaka swi fana loko u swi languta ro sungula, kambe entiyisweni swi hambanile swinene hi ndlela leyi swi endliweke ha yona, ndlela leyi swi tirhaka ha yona ni ndlela leyi swi pfalaka swilo ha yona. Ndzi tsakile swinene ku avelana na n'wina leswi ndzi swi dyondzeke hi ti thread leti. A hi ngheneni hi nghena hi kuma leswaku i yini lexi va hambanisaka na leswaku ha yini yin’wana na yin’wana yi ri ya nkoka eka ku endla leswaku michini ya hina yi tirha ku antswa no tshama nkarhi wo leha.
Ku twisisa SAE Threads .
Nhlamuselo na tinxaka na swihlawulekisi swa SAE Threads .
Ti thread ta SAE i ti thread ta precision leti tirhisiwaka ngopfu eka indasitiri ya mimovha na hayidiroliki. Ti thread leti ti landzelela swipimelo leswi vekiweke hi Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Kuna tinxaka tohambana hambana ta SAE thread, kambe lexi tolovelekeke ngopfu i straight thread O-ring boss (ORB). Muxaka lowu wu na thyaka ro kongoma na O-ring leyi endleriweke ku endla xivala. Standard ya SAE J514 tube fittings yi andlala swihlawulekisi swa ti thread leti.
Swihlawulekisi swa tintambhu ta SAE swi katsa:
L Tidayimeta leti fanaka ta tisayizi to karhi ta tiboloti .
l leyi Dizayini yo kongoma pfumelelaka ku tirhisiwa ka O-ring .
l Ku fambisana na mpimanyeto wa SAE J518 wa switirhisiwa swa flange .
Switirhisiwa na ku yelana eka tihayidiroliki .
Eka ti hydraulics, ti thread ta SAE tina nkoka swinene. Ti tiyisisa vuhlanganisi lebyi nga vupfangiki eka tisisiteme ta ntshikelelo wa le henhla. Switirhisiwa swa O-ring boss swina nkoka swinene hikuva swinga khoma nxaxamelo wo anama wa mati ya hydraulic handle ka ku khuluka. Xihlanganisi xa SAE Male na xihlanganisi xa xisati xa SAE i xa nkoka eka ku hlanganisa switirhisiwa swa SAE ku tumbuluxa sisiteme yo tiya.
Swikombelo swi katsa:
L Tipompo ta hayidiroliki .
l Tivalvu .
l swisilinda .
Ti thread leti ti hlayisa vutshembeki bya sisiteme hiku sivela ku khuluka ka mati, leswinga swa nkoka eka vuhlayiseki na vukorhokeri.
SAE thread sizes na vutivi .
Ku tiveka ka tisayizi ta thyaka ra SAE swi kongomile. Thread yin’wana na yin’wana yi hlawuriwa hi nomboro ya dash (xikombiso, -4, -6, -8) leyi fambelanaka na vukulu bya thread hi khume-nhungu wa inch. Xikombiso, sayizi ya thread ya -8 swivula leswaku diameter ya thread i 8/16 kumbe 1/2 inch.
Ku kuma tintambhu ta SAE:
1. Mila diameter yale handle ya thyaka ra xinuna kumbe diameter yale ndzeni ya thyaka ra xisati.
2. Hlaya nhlayo ya ti thread hi inch (TPI).
Xiyimo xa SAE J518, xikan’we na swipimelo swa matiko ya misava swofana na DIN 20066, ISO/DIS 6162, na JIS B 8363, swinyika nkongomiso lowu heleleke wa vukulu bya SAE naswona xikatsa vuxokoxoko byofana na ti dimensions ta flange clamp na vukulu bya tiboloti lebyi faneleke.
Hiku komisa, ti thread ta SAE i ta nkoka eka tisisiteme ta hayidiroliki, ku tiyisisa ku pfariwa loku tshembekaka na ku tirha kahle. Tisayizi ta tona leti ringaniseriweke na tinxaka, to fana na straight thread o-ring boss, swi endla leswaku ti va go-to choice eka ti professionals eka indasitiri. Ku twisisa tintambhu leti i swa nkoka eka mani na mani loyi a tirhanaka na switirhisiwa swa hayidiroliki na ti-adapter.
Nkongomiso wa vuxokoxoko bya SAE thread sizes na swihlawulekisi .
Nkatsakanyo wa tichati ta SAE thread na mimpimo .
Loko hi vulavula hi tichati ta thyaka ta SAE, hi vulavula hi sisiteme leyi hambanisaka vukulu na mimpimo ya tintambhu leti tirhisiwaka eku hlanganiseni ka tiphayiphi ta hayidiroliki na switirhisiwa. Muxaka wa SAE thread i elemente ya nkoka swinene eka ku tiyisisa vuhlanganisi lebyi sirhelelekeke na lebyi nga khulukiki eka tisisiteme ta hayidiroliki. Kuhambana na NPT thread kumbe National Pipe tapered threads, letingana tapered design, ti thread ta SAE titala kuva ti lulamile naswona ti lava O-ring kuva ti simeka seal leyinga ngheniwiki hi mati.
SAE Xihlanganisi xa xinuna na xa xisati Swihlawulekisi .
Eka n’wina lava tirhaka na SAE Male Connector na SAE female connector parts, i swa nkoka ku twisisa swihlawulekisi swa vona. Xihlanganisi xa xinuna xa SAE hi ntolovelo xi na thyaka ra le handle, kasi xihlanganisi xa xisati xa SAE xi ta na thyaka ra le ndzeni, leri endleriweke ku hlanganisa hi ndlela yo pfumala swiphiqo na xin’wana na xin’wana. Loko ku hlanganisiwa switirhisiwa swa SAE, swina nkoka ku fambisana na swiphemu swa xinuna na swa xisati kahle ku sivela ku vupfa naku tiyisisa matirhelo ya kahle.
L SAE Xihlanganisi xa xinuna : Thread ya le handle, leyi tirhisiwaka na O-ring boss na tisisiteme ta clamp ta flange .
L SAE female connector : Thread ya le ndzeni, leyi fambisanaka na swihlanganisi swa xinuna naswona yi endleriwe ku tumbuluxa ku ringanela loku sirhelelekeke.
Nxopaxopo wo enta wa SAE 45° Flare Thread Dimensions .
SAE 45° flare thread i muxaka wokarhi wa fitting leyi tirhisiwaka eka switirhisiwa swohambana hambana swa hydraulic. Tidimenxini ta yona ti ringanisiwile ku tiyisisa vuhlanganisi lebyi nga cincekiki na ku tshembheka. Angle ya 45-degree flare yina nkoka swinene tani hileswi yi pfumelelaka ku pfaleriwa ka nsimbi kuya eka nsimbi, na nomo wa flare wa male fitting compressing eka flared tubing ya female fitting. Dizayini leyi yi herisa xilaveko xa tindlela to engetela to pfalela to fana na PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) tape kumbe swihlanganisi swa sealant.
l Vukulu bya swiboliti : Swi ringanisiwile ku tirhisiwa na SAE J518 , DIN 20066 , ISO/DIS 6162 , na JIS B 8363 ..
L O Ring : I swa nkoka eka ku tumbuluxa xivala lexi nga na switirhisiwa swo kongoma swa thread O-ring boss .
SAE 45° Flare – SAE J512 Swipimelo swa swipimelo .
![SAE-FLARE-SAE-J512]()
Thread ya xinuna od & pitch . | Vukulu bya Dash . | Thread ya xinuna od . | ID ya thyaka ya xisati . | Vukulu bya chubu . |
Inch – TPI . |
| mm . | Inch . | mm . | Inch . | Inch . |
5/16 – 24 . | -05 | 7.9 | 0.31 | 6.8 | 0.27 | 1/8. |
3/8 – 24 . | -06 | 9.5 | 0.38 | 8.4 | 0.33 | 3/16 . |
7/16 – 20 . | -07 | 11.1 | 0.44 | 9.9 | 0.39 | 1/4. |
1/2 – 20 . | -08 | 12.7 | 0.50 | 11.4 | 0.44 | 5/16 . |
5/8 – 18 . | -10 | 15.9 | 0.63 | 14.2 | 0.56 | 3/8. |
3/4 – 16 . | -12 | 19.1 | 0.75 | 17.5 | 0.69 | 1/2. |
7/8 – 14 . | -14 | 22.2 | 0.88 | 20.6 | 0.81 | 5/8. |
1.1/16 – 14 . | -17 | 27.0 | 1.06 | 24.9 | 0.98 | 3/4. |
SAE 45o Flare leyi hundzuriweke – SAE J512 threads Swipimelo swa .
![Sae-inverted-Flare-Sae-J512]()
Thread ya xinuna od & pitch . | Vukulu bya Dash . | Thread ya xinuna od . | ID ya thyaka ya xisati . | Vukulu bya chubu . |
Inch – TPI . |
| mm . | Inch . | mm . | Inch . | Inch . |
7/16 – 24 . | -07 | 11.1 | 0.44 | 9.9 | 0.39 | 1/4. |
1/2 – 20 . | -08 | 12.7 | 0.50 | 11.4 | 0.45 | 5/16 . |
5/8 – 18 . | -10 | 15.9 | 0.63 | 14.2 | 0.56 | 3/8. |
11/16 – 18 . | -11 | 17.5 | 0.69 | 16.0 | 0.63 | 7/16 . |
SAE pilot o ring seals pilot ya xinuna ya swivel threads dimensions .
![SAE-Pilot-Male-S swivel .]()
Thread ya xinuna od & pitch . | Vukulu bya Dash . | Thread ya xinuna od . | ID ya thyaka ya xisati . | Vukulu bya chubu . |
Inch – TPI . |
| mm . | Inch . | mm . | Inch . | Inch . |
5/8 – 18 . | -10 | 15.9 | 0.63 | 14.2 | 0.56 | -6 |
3/4 – 18 . | -12 | 19.0 | 0.75 | 17.8 | 0.70 | -8 |
7/8 – 18 . | -14 | 22.2 | 0.88 | 20.6 | 0.81 | -10 |
Pilot ya xisati ya swivel threads dimensions .
![SAE-Pilot-Wa Xisati-]()
Thread ya xinuna od & pitch . | Vukulu bya Dash . | Thread ya xinuna od . | ID ya thyaka ya xisati . | Vukulu bya chubu . |
Inch – TPI . |
| mm . | Inch . | mm . | Inch . | Inch . |
5/8 – 18 . | -10 | 15.9 | 0.63 | 14.2 | 0.56 | -6 |
3/4 – 16 . | -12 | 19.0 | 0.75 | 17.5 | 0.69 | -8 |
3/4 – 16 . | -12 | 19.0 | 0.75 | 17.5 | 0.69 | -8 |
Ku lavisisa tintambhu ta NPT .
Xana ti thread ta NPT i yini? – Nkatsakanyo .
Ti thread ta NPT, kumbe ti thread ta rixaka ta ti pipe tapered, i muxaka wa thread ya xikwirikiri leyi talaka ku tirhisiwa eka swihlanganisi swa tiphayiphi to pfala. Dizayinelo leyi yi tiyisisa vuhlanganisi lebyi nga vupfangiki hikwalaho ka profile ya yona leyi tapered, leyi yi yaka yi tiyile loko fitting yi ri karhi yi threaded eka phayiphi. Taper yi endla seal hiku tsindziyela ti thread swin’we, yitala ku antswisiwa hiku tirhisiwa ka PTFE tape kumbe sealant compound ku tata swivandla swihi na swihi.
Vuxokoxoko bya NPT Thread Dimensions Chati .
![NPT-NPS-Threads .]()
Loko u tirhana na ti thread ta NPT, mimpimo leyi kongomeke i ya nkoka swinene. Hi leyi chati ya tidimenxini ta thread ya NPT leyi olovisiweke:
NPT Thread Size & Pitch . | Vukulu bya Dash . | Thread ya xinuna minor od . | ID ya thyaka ya xisati . |
Inch – TPI . |
| mm . | Inch . | mm . | Inch . |
1/8 – 27 . | -02 | 9.9 | 0.39 | 8.4 | 0.33 |
1/4 – 18 . | -04 | 13.2 | 0.52 | 11.2 | 0.44 |
3/8 – 18 . | -06 | 16.6 | 0.65 | 14.7 | 0.58 |
1/2 – 14 . | -08 | 20.6 | 0.81 | 17.8 | 0.70 |
3/4 – 14 . | -12 | 26.0 | 1.02 | 23.4 | 0.92 |
1 – 11.1/2. | -16 | 32.5 | 1.28 | 29.5 | 1.16 |
1.1/4 – 11.1/2. | -20 | 41.2 | 1.62 | 38.1 | 1.50 |
1.1/2 – 11.1/2. | -24 | 47.3 | 1.86 | 43.9 | 1.73 |
2 – 11.1/2. | -32 | 59.3 | 2.33 | 56.4 | 2.22 |
2.1/2 – 8 . | -40 | 71.5 | 2.82 | 69.1 | 2.72 |
3 – 8 . | -48 | 87.3 | 3.44 | 84.8 | 3.34 |
NPT threads eka switirhisiwa swa tiindasitiri .
Ti thread ta NPT i ta nkoka eka swiyimo swo hambana swa tiindasitiri. Hakanyingi ti kumeka eka tisisiteme leti khomaka swihalaki swa hayidiroliki laha xisirhelelo lexi sirhelelekeke, lexi nga ngheniwiki hi ntshikelelo xi lavekaka. Ti adaptara ta NPT ti tirhisiwa ku hlanganisa tihoyisi na tiphayiphi ta vukulu byo hambana kumbe ku cinca ku suka eka tinxaka tin’wana ta thyaka, ku fana na muxaka wa thyaka ra SAE, ku ya eka NPT. Loko ku hlanganisiwa switirhisiwa swa SAE, leswi nga tirhisaka sisiteme ya straight thread O-ring boss, ti adapter ti tiyisisa ku fambisana na swiphemu swa NPT-threaded.
Ku kuma vukulu bya thread ya NPT na swiyimo .
Ku kuma thyaka ra NPT, uta lava ku tiva havumbirhi bya diameter yale handle xikan’we na nhlayo ya ti thread hi inch. Hi lowu nkongomiso wo hatlisa:
1. Mila diameter yale handle ya thyaka ra xinuna kumbe diameter yale ndzeni ya thyaka ra xisati.
2. Hlaya nhlayo ya tinhlohlorhi ta thyaka eka span ya one-inch ku kumisisa TPI.
3. Fanisa mimpimo leyi na chati ya NPT ya ntolovelo ku kuma mpimo wa NPT lowu fambelanaka.
I swa nkoka ku xiya leswaku ti thread ta NPT ti lava ku nghenelela loku faneleke ku fikelela ku ringanela loku sirhelelekeke. Leswi swivula leswaku ti thread ta xinuna na ta xisati tifanele ku rhungeleriwa swin’we hindlela leyi ringaneleke kuva ti sivela ku vupfa, kambe tinga tiyi ngopfu laha tinga onha.
Nxopaxopo wa ku pimanisa wa SAE vs. NPT threads .
Dizayini ya thyaka: straight vs. tapered .
Loko ku kamberiwa muxaka wa thyaka ra SAE na thread ya NPT, ku hambana ka xisekelo ku vonaka eka tipulani ta vona. Ti thread ta SAE, ngopfu ngopfu straight thread o-ring boss, ti tiveka hi straight thread pattern ya tona. Dizayini leyi yi pfumelela diameter leyi nga cincekiki eka ku leha hinkwako ka thyaka. Kuhambana na sweswo, National Pipe Tapered Threads (NPT) yi kombisa profile ya tapered, yihunguteka loko yiya emahlweni kuya hi thread axis.
l sae : tintambhu to kongoma, dyayimeta leyi fanaka.
L NPT : Ti thread leti tapered, diameter yihunguteka kuya hi thread.
Maendlelo yo pfalela: O-ring vs. taper na swilo swo pfalela .
Vutshembeki byo pfalela i bya nkoka swinene eka ku sivela ku vupfa. Xihlanganisi xa xinuna xa SAE na xihlanganisi xa xisati xa SAE switala ku tirhisa O-ring ku endla xivala. O-ring leyi yitshama eka groove naswona yi tshikelela loko yi tiyisiwa, yi endla xisirhelelo eka ku vupfa. Hi nkarhi wolowo, dizayini leyi tapered ya ti thread ta NPT yi lava ndlela yo hambana. Taper yi pfumelela ti threads kuva ti nghena swinene loko ti ri karhi ti rhurhumerisiwa, leswi endlaka leswaku kuva na vuhlanganisi lebyi nga ngheniwiki hi mati. Ku tlakusa mbuyelo lowu, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) tape kumbe sealant compound hi ntolovelo yi cheriwa eka ti thread ta NPT.
L SAE : Yi tirhisa O-Ring eka ku pfalela.
L NPT : Yi titshege hi dizayini ya tapered na swipfalo swo engetela eka vuhlanganisi lebyi nga vupfangiki ..
Swipfuno swa xiyimo: Xana u fanele ku tirhisa rini SAE kumbe NPT .
Ku hlawula exikarhi ka switirhisiwa swa SAE na NPT swi tala ku ya hi swipimelo swo karhi swa matirhiselo na indasitiri. Switirhisiwa swa ti tube swa SAE J514 switirhisiwa ngopfu eka maendlelo ya hydraulic hikokwalaho ka tindlela ta swona to pfalela leti tiyeke xikan’we na vuswikoti byo tiyisela ntshikelelo wale henhla. Ti endleriwe ku fikelela swipimelo swo fana na SAE J518, DIN 20066, ISO/DIS 6162, na JIS B 8363. Switirhisiwa leswi swi kahle swinene ku tumbuluxa vuhlanganisi lebyi tshembekaka loko ku lawuriwa mati ya hayidiroliki.
Switirhisiwa swa NPT, hi tlhelo rin’wana, switala ku kumeka eka maendlelo ya tiphayiphi ta tiphayiphi na moya hiku angarhela. Thread ya Pipe ya Standard ya National Standard (ANSI/ASME B1.20.1) i mpimanyeto lowu tolovelekeke eka tintambhu leti ta tapered. Ti adapter ta NPT ti lulamerile eka switirhisiwa laha thread yo kongoma yinga lavekiki kumbe laha kutirhisiwa ka O-ring swinga kotekiki.
L SAE : yi tsakeriwa eka tisisiteme ta hayidiroliki ta ntshikelelo wa le henhla.
L NPT : Swi tolovelekile eka switirhisiwa swa tiphayiphi ta mati na ntshikelelo wa le hansi.
Maendlelo lamanene yo nghenisa switirhisiwa swa SAE na NPT threaded fittings .
Loko u hlanganisa switirhisiwa swa SAE, ku kongoma i xilotlelo. Sungula hi ku hlawula xihlanganisi xa xinuna xa SAE lexi faneleke kumbe xihlanganisi xa xisati xa SAE. Tiyisisa ku fambisana na swipimelo swo fana na SAE J518, DIN 20066, kumbe ISO/DIS 6162. Ku kuma ku ringanela loku sirhelelekeke, tirhisa O-ring na flange clamp. Lulamisa tisayizi ta tiboloti na swihlawulekisi ku papalata ku hluvula tintambhu.
NPT thread connections, leyi lawuriwaka hi ANSI/ASME B1.20.1, yi lava endlelo ro hambana. Chela PTFE tape kumbe sealant compound leyi faneleke eka MPT ku tiyisisa ku pfaleriwa ka mati hikwalaho ka dizayini ya vona ya tapered. Papalata ku tiyisiwa ngopfu; Swi nga vanga ku pandzeka kumbe ku onha tintambhu.
Ku hlayisa na ku lulamisa swiphiqo swa timhaka leti tolovelekeke .
Ku kamberiwa ka nkarhi na nkarhi i swa nkoka eka tisisiteme ta hayidiroliki. Languta swikombiso swa ku onhaka eka switirhisiwa swa SAE J514 swa tiphayiphi na ti-adapter ta NPT. Loko ku humelela ku vupfa, kambela O-Ring Boss kutani u yi siva loko yi onhakile. Eka timhaka ta thread ta NPT, languta loko thepi ya PTFE yi lava ku tirhisiwa nakambe. Minkarhi hinkwayo va na xitirhisiwa xo hlayisa lexi nga evokweni hi ti-O-ring ta xiphemu, xihlanganisi xa sealant, na thepi ya PTFE.
Ku tiyisisa vutomi byo leha na ku tirha kahle eka tisisiteme ta hayidiroliki .
Ku hlayisa vutshembeki bya sisiteme, landzelela magoza lawa:
1. Tirhisa swihalaki swa hayidiroliki leswi faneleke.
2. Hlela ku kamberiwa ka nkarhi na nkarhi ka swihlanganisi hinkwaswo.
3. Cinca swiphemu leswi onhakeke hi ku hatlisa.
4. Hlayisa tiphayiphi leti nga na tintambhu na switirhisiwa swa tiphayiphi swi basile eka swilo leswi nga riki swa nkoka.
5. Languta ku cinca eka matirhelo ya sisiteme.
Hi ku namarheta swiletelo leswi, u nga tiyisisa ku hlanganisiwa loku nga riki na ku vupfa na ku lehisa vutomi bya sisiteme ya wena ya hayidiroliki. Tsundzuka, muxaka wa kahle wa SAE thread kumbe nhlawulo wa thyaka wa NPT wu nga endla ku hambana hinkwako eka ku tumbuluxa swisirhelelo leswi tirhaka kahle, leswi tshamaka nkarhi wo leha.
Mahetelelo
Hi lavisisile ti nuances ta ti thread ta SAE na NPT. Ku tlhela ku endliwa, tintambhu ta SAE ti endleriwe tisisiteme ta hayidiroliki, leti nga na thyaka ro kongoma leri nga na O-ring yo pfalela. Xihlanganisi xa xinuna xa SAE na xihlanganisi xa xisati xa SAE xi tlanga swiphemu swa nkoka eku tiyisiseni ka vuhlanganisi lebyi nga vupfangiki. Hi tlhelo rin’wana, ti thread ta NPT, kumbe ti thread ta rixaka ta tiphayiphi leti tapered, tina tapered design leyi endlaka seal hiku tirhisa ku tiya ka fit, leyi talaka ku antswisiwa hi PTFE tape kumbe sealant compound.
Ku twisisa ku hambana i swa nkoka swinene. Tinxaka ta SAE thread, kufana na straight thread O-ring boss leyi kumekaka eka SAE J514 tube fittings, yitshembela eka O-ring ku endla seal seal. Ku hambana na sweswo, ti thread ta NPT, leti fambelanaka na ANSI/ASME B1.20.1, ti tumbuluxa xivala hi ku kavanyetiwa exikarhi ka tintambhu.
Ku hlawula muxaka wa thyaka leri faneleke a swi nge hundzeletiwi. Ku nga fambisani ku nga endla leswaku ku va ni ku vupfa, ku va ni fambiselo leri nga ni khombo, ni ku engetela nkarhi wo yima. Xikombiso, loko ku hlanganisiwa switirhisiwa swa SAE na sisiteme ya hayidiroliki, tiyisisa ku fambisana na swipimelo swo fana na SAE J518, DIN 20066, ISO/DIS 6162, kumbe JIS B 8363. Swipimelo leswi swi vulavula hi swipimelo, ku katsa na vukulu bya tiboloti na swilaveko swa clamp swa flange, ku tiyisisa ku ringanela loku sirhelelekeke na loku faneleke.
Eka xivandla xa switirhisiwa swa hayidiroliki, muxaka wa SAE thread wu tala ku hlangana na swihlanganisi swa O-ring Boss, kasi NPT Thread yi tolovelekile eka switirhisiwa swa tiphayiphi hi ku angarhela. Loko u tirhisa ti-adapter ta NPT eka sisiteme leyi endleriweke swipimelo swa SAE, va ni mianakanyo ya tindlela to hambana-hambana to pfalela. O-ring yi nyika vuhlanganisi lebyi nga cincekiki bya mati eka tisisiteme ta SAE, kasi dizayini ya tapered eka tisisiteme ta NPT yi lava ku nghenelela ka thread hi vukheta ku fikelela vuhlanganisi lebyi nga vupfangiki.
Hi ku gimeta, vutshembeki bya swihlanganisi swa wena—hambi swi katsa tiphayiphi leti nga ni tintambhu, switirhisiwa swa tiphayiphi, kumbe switirhisiwa swa hayidiroliki—hinges eka ku tiviwa lokunene ni ku tirhisiwa ka muxaka wa thyaka ra SAE kumbe thyaka ra NPT. Minkarhi hinkwayo languta eka swipimelo swa indasitiri, ku fana na leswi boxiweke, ku kongomisa ku hlawula ka wena. Tsundzuka, muxaka lowu faneleke wa thyaka a wu tiyisisi ntsena ku ringanela loku sirhelelekeke kambe wu tlhela wu hlayisa vukorhokeri na vuhlayiseki bya sisiteme ya wena hinkwayo.
